VET

Obesity is described as an accumulation of excess adipose tissue as a result of a sustained positive energy balance. The high prevalence of overweight and obese companion animals may skew the perception of what is considered ideal body composition. Body Condition Score (BCS) is used most commonly in companion animals to assess body composition. In obese animals, clinical examination may be hindered, the chest may be more difficult to auscultate and the abdomen more difficult to palpate. Veins and arteries may be more difficult to identify when large amounts of subcutaneous fat are present. Pulses may be more difficult to palpate. Subcutaneous fat may make venous and arterial access challenging and correctly securing appropriately sized cuffs for noninvasive blood pressure measurement can be difficult. Increased subcutaneous fat may obscure identification of landmarks for regional anesthesia. Increased subcutaneous fat may result in poor drug delivery after inte...

I .V. cannula is a very small, flexible tube placed in the vein to allow administration of medication, fluids or nutrients directly into the bloodstream. The catheter is introduced into the vein by a needle, which is subsequently removed while the small plastic cannula remains in place. The catheter is then fixed by taping it to the patient's skin or using as adhesive dressing. I.V. cannula sizes and colors The smaller the gauge, the larger the diameter of the cannula and faster the flow of fluid. Different cannula sizes are indicated by different colors, making them easier to differentiate, especially in emergency situation in which size might be critical. Choosing the correct cannula size is important so that treatments can be carried out properly. Larger cannula sizes are necessary for rapid transfusion of blood, intravenous fluids and medications. Smaller cannula sizes result greater pressure in the vein. This can cause hemolysis during the aspira...

Certain radiographic features are used to determine the nature of an object seen on the x-ray film. These features are used to determines both normal anatomy as well as pathologic alterations and should be evaluated for every structure examined on the radiograph. These characteristics include size, shape, density, position, and architecture. Density is the mass of a structure per unit volume. It is a major factor in determining the amount of radiation that various object absorb. Objects that absorbs most or all the radiation impinging upon them are termed radiopaque . The photons do not pass through these object and therefore neither reach nor expose the x-ray film. These structures produce a clear area on the film, which appear white or light gray when viewed. Object that permit most of the radiation to pass through them are termed radiolucent and produce a black or dark gray image on the x-ray film. In terms of radiographic density, the animal may be considere...

Endoparasit yang sering menginfestasi kucing dapat dibagi menjadi parasit cacing (nematode, trematode, dan cestode) serta protozoa.  Beberapa endoparasit yang menginfestasi kucing seperti: Usus halus nematodes Toxocara cati Toxascaris leonine Ancylostoma tubaeforme cestode Spirometra sp . Taenia (hydatigera) taeniaeformis protozoa Toxopasma gondii Isospora spp. Sarcocystic sp. Giardia sp Paru-paru nematode Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Capillaria aerophila trematode Paragonimus kellicotti Kandung kemih  (vesical urinaria) nematode Capillaria sp USUS KECIL -  NEMATODES Toxocara cati – ascarid atau roundworm (Ascaridoidea) Ukuran dewasa Ukuran telur Periode prepatent 4-12 cm pada usus kecil 75 μm x 65 μm 50 hari Tanda-tanda ...