VET

  Why do geckos lick their eyes?

U rolith atau batu pada vesika urinaria merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sering ditemukan pada kura-kura herbivora seperti sulcata dan leopard. Terdapat beberapa penyebab yang mendukung terjadinya batu pada kandung kemih, seperti: Diet tinggi protein . Kura-kura herbivora seperti sulcata memerlukan diet tinggi fiber (rumput / hay) dan rendah protein. Pemberian diet protein yang tinggi seperti pakan yang tidak sesuai untuk kura-kura herbivora (antara lain kibble food untuk kucing dan anjing) akan memberikan resiko terbentuknya urolith. Protein akan dimetabolisme dan menghasilkan produk buangan berupa ammonia yang akan diubah menjadi uric acid. Uric acid bersifat kurang toksin pada dinding vesica urinaria namun uric acid akan bergabung dengan sodium, calcium, dan potassium untuk membentuk urate.  Tingginya urate yang terbentuk  akan meningkatkan terjadinya pengendapan dan bila terjadi dalam waktu yang lama akan membentuk urolith dengan ukuran yang besar di dalam vesika ur...

The ferret is generally considered to be a domesticated version of Mustela putorius - Polecat. Adult ferret has a typical mustelid (Mustelidae - Weasels (Family)) body form, with comparatively small size, five toes per foot, short legs and a long body. It has a short head, with a short face and short rounded ears. The eyes are relatively small and are forward-facing. Stands with an arched back. The vertebral column is very flexible dorso-ventrally. The tail is long and is densely furred. Ferret have excellent hearing and senses of smell and taste. Their vision is poor relative to these but they have good binocular vision and good vision at low light levels. They react well to movement at mouse escape speeds. Ferret sleep for long periods (as much as 16 hours a day) but are very active when they are awake. Adult Colour Variations: The most distinct colour forms are the albino (also called English) and the polecat-marked fitch (sable), with black guard hairs. Vario...

Esophagostomy tubes (E-tubes) is recommended for any chelonian patient that requires repeated oral treatments, such as nutritional support or oral medicine. Esophagostomy tubes are very well tolerated and the patient can even eat normally with the tube in place. Potential complication in E-tube placement surgery include iatrogenic damage to structure in the neck, mostly vein and carotid artery. Finally if the tube is improperly secured, it is possible that tube could be pulled out.  Anesthetic risk should be considered. Select an anesthetic and analgesic plan that allows good restraint and prevents excessive movement. Manual restraint and local anesthesia is often sufficient to allow E-tube placement in very week patients that would be considered a high anesthetic risk. Some patients may require sedation or general anesthesia but should be carefully and appropriate protocols utilized on a case-by case basis.  Esophagostomy Tube Placement: Step-by-st...

I .V. cannula is a very small, flexible tube placed in the vein to allow administration of medication, fluids or nutrients directly into the bloodstream. The catheter is introduced into the vein by a needle, which is subsequently removed while the small plastic cannula remains in place. The catheter is then fixed by taping it to the patient's skin or using as adhesive dressing. I.V. cannula sizes and colors The smaller the gauge, the larger the diameter of the cannula and faster the flow of fluid. Different cannula sizes are indicated by different colors, making them easier to differentiate, especially in emergency situation in which size might be critical. Choosing the correct cannula size is important so that treatments can be carried out properly. Larger cannula sizes are necessary for rapid transfusion of blood, intravenous fluids and medications. Smaller cannula sizes result greater pressure in the vein. This can cause hemolysis during the aspira...

Certain radiographic features are used to determine the nature of an object seen on the x-ray film. These features are used to determines both normal anatomy as well as pathologic alterations and should be evaluated for every structure examined on the radiograph. These characteristics include size, shape, density, position, and architecture. Density is the mass of a structure per unit volume. It is a major factor in determining the amount of radiation that various object absorb. Objects that absorbs most or all the radiation impinging upon them are termed radiopaque . The photons do not pass through these object and therefore neither reach nor expose the x-ray film. These structures produce a clear area on the film, which appear white or light gray when viewed. Object that permit most of the radiation to pass through them are termed radiolucent and produce a black or dark gray image on the x-ray film. In terms of radiographic density, the animal may be considere...

What volume of blood can be safely collected at any one time in a 2 kg pet rabbit? And how is this calculated? The maximum volume removed at any one time should not exceed 10% of the circulating blood volume. Total blood volume in a healthy rabbit range between 5.5-7% of body weight.  Therefore, in a 2 kg rabbit the total blood volume ranges between 110-140 ml and the maximum volume of blood that may be safely taken is 11-14 ml. A slightly lower volume may be prudent for juveniles, ill animals or suspected anaemic cases. Protocol for marginal ear vein / artery blood sample collection Requirements include animal, anesthetic agent, cotton, 26G needle, 95% v/v alcohol,  topical vasodilatator  (o-Xylene ), surgery blade and blood sample collection tube. The animal should be placed in a restrainer. Restrain rabbit securely with mechanical rabbit restrainer, towel wrap method or commercially available sacks. Ear is cleaned with 95% v/v alcohol an...

The intestinal flora of the guinea pig, unlike that of most other animals, is predominantly gram-positive, and coliform organisms are not usually present in significant numbers. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics with antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria should be avoided, the cause of death is a decreased gram-positive bacterial flora and increased gram-negative flora, with related bacteremia/septicaemia. Antibiotics reported to cause enterotoxemia are penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacitracin, erythromycin, spiramycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, lincomycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, cephalexin, cephalosporins. Some medications should never be prescribed; some can be injection but never orally. Topical antibiotics have also cause fatal enterotoxemia. If there are better alternatives, do not risk use of an injected antibiotic but use a safer one DeSomer et al. (1955) first clearly postulated that the lethality of penicillin ...

Penyu termasuk dalam golongan reptil. Penyu memiliki pelindung yang keras pada bagian atas dan pada bagian bawah tubuhnya. Pelindung bagian atas dikenal sebagai carapace dan pelindung bagian bawah dikenal sebagai plastron.  Terdapat beberapa jenis penyu antara lain:  Leatherback Green turtle Hawksbill Loggerhead Olive ridley Kita dapat membedakan jenis penyu berdasarkan perbedaan bentuk pada carapace, bentuk sisik pada bagian kepala serta ada tidaknya poros inframarginal pada plastron. Leatherback adalah jenis penyu yang terbesar. Panjang penyu leatherback dapat mencapai 1.7 meter dan berat sehingga 500 kg. Penyu ini dapat menyelam sejauh 305 m dengan kedalaman sehingga 1190 m. Leatherback memiliki konsentrasi darah merah yang tinggi untuk menjaga pasokan oksigen. Otot pada penyu  ini memiliki kontens myoglobin yang lebih guna mengikat oksigen guna mentransport serta menyimpan oksigen di otot. Penyu memakan berbagai ...